全球水土資源退化與防治(英文版) 節選

Volume 1 Introduction—Overview of global soil and water stress 　　Introduction of the First Authors 　　Pasquale Borrelli is a Research Associate at the Research Center Ecosystem Services of Surface Soil Enviroment， Kangwon National University， Chuncheon-si， Gangwon-do， Republic of Korea. Email. During the last 12 years， Dr. Borrelli has gained professional research skills in outstanding universities， European institutions (i.e. JRC) or United Nations’ FAO. Today， he is recognized as a leading international scientist in the areas of GIS erosion modelling and soil conservation planning. The GSP Secretariat recently selected him as the project leader of FAO’s soil erosion modelling project which integrates science and policy to promote a land degradation neutral world by 2030 (UN SDGs). So far， Dr. Borrelli has published over 60 international peer-reviewed publications (source Google Scholar) with 3300+ citations. 　　Rattan Lal is a professor of soil science and director of the Carbon Management and Sequestration Center at the Ohio State University. Email address. Dr. Lal was the President of the World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC) and is presently the President of the International Union of Soil Sciences(IUSS). His research has been focusing on climate-resilient agriculture， soil carbon sequestration， sustainable intensification， enhancing use efficiency of agroecosystems， and sustainable management of soil resources. He has received numerous professional awards for his contributions to his fields of study. Dr. Lal has authored/co-authored more than 2000 research publications including 818 refereed journal articles and 485 chapters. He has written 19 books and 65 edited/ co-edited books. 　　Samir A. El-Swaify， Emeritus Professor and Founding Chair， Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management， University of Hawaii， Honolulu Hawaii. Email address. edu. Telephone: 1+808-277-2598. Professor El-Swaify holds a B.S. in Agricultural Science from the University of Alexandria， Egypt and a Ph.D. in Soil Science from the University of California at Davis. He has been a faculty member at the University of Hawaii for over 51 years. During his career he has produced over 150 publications focusing on soil science and broader natural resource conservation issues. He has been recognized by several professional organizations for his many contributions to the field of soil and water conservation especially in tropical environments. He has contributed to the formation and functioning of many soil and water conservation groups in multiple regions of the planet. 　　Chapter 1　Probabilistic Land Use Allocation in the Global Soil Erosion Modelling Pasquale Borrelli1*， Panos Panagos2， Cristiano Ballabio2， Christine Alewell3 　　1.1　Abstract 　　We present the version 1.2 of the recently published [Nature communications 8， 2013 (2017)] RUSLE-based Global Soil Erosion Modelling platform (GloSEM). Unlike version 1.1， effects of permanent crops， managed pasture and temporary disturbed forest loss are spatially defined based on a probabilistic land by using allocation approach and their implications for soil erosion are assessed in the advanced version 1.2. For 2012， we estimated an annual total soil erosion of 38.9 Pg/a. This constitutes an increase of ca. 8% compared to the previous version (35.9 Pg/a) which is due to an increase of soil erosion mainly related to the new areas classified as managed pasture and to a lesser extent to permanent crop and forest disturbances. 　　1.2　Main 　　Human activity and related land use change are the primary cause of accelerated soil erosion by water， which has substantial implications for nutrient and carbon cycling， land productivity and thus worldwide socio-economic conditions (Borrelli et al.， 2017a). Feeding the Earth’s growing population with increasing dietary preferences towards livestock products has the potential to exacerbate the erosion phenomena thereby enhancing the pressure on world’s soil resources. Impacts of soil erosion can be severe， not only through land degradation and fertility loss， but also through a conspicuous number of off-site effects (e.g.， sedimentation， siltation and eutrophication of waterways or enhanced flooding) and impacts on biogeochemical cycling (Quinton et al.， 2010). 　　Quantitative global assessment on the state and change of soil erosion is needed to identify soil erosion hotspots and provides a meaningful starting point to support decision-makers in both ex-ante and ex-post policy evaluation. Scientifically， such estimates are important to deepen our understanding on the significance of soil-erosion-induced impacts. Global soil erosion dynamics have been described based on scientific soil expert judgments (Oldeman， 1992; FAO and ITPS， 2015) through the extrapolation of plot and river sediment data (Lal， 2003) and RUSLE-based modelling (Ito， 2007). The resulting estimates are equivocal in that they vary