preface
acknowledgments
1. cellular reaction to injury
　i. adaptation to environmental stress
　ii. hypoxic cell injury
　iii. free radical injury
　iv. chemical cell injury
　v. necrosis
　vi. apoptosis
　vii. reversible cellular changes and accumulations
　viii. disorders characterized by abnormalities of protein folding
　review test
2. inflammation
　i. introduction
　ii. acute inflammation
　iii. chronic inflammation
　iv. tissue repair
　review test
3. hemodynamic dysfunction
　i. hemorrhage
　ii. hyperemia
　iii. infarction
　iv. thrombosis
　v. embolism
　vi. edema
　vii. shock
　review test
4.　genetic disorders
　i. chromosomal disorders
　ii. modes of inheritance of monogenic disorders
　iii. mendelian disorders
　iv. balanced polymorphism
　v. polygenic and multifactorial disorders
　vi. disorders of sexual differentiation
　review test
5. immune dysfunction
　i. cells of the immune system
　ii. cytokines
　iii. complement system
　iv. human leukocyte antigen system
　v. innate versus acquired immunity
　vi. mechanisms of immune injury
　vii. transplantation immunology
　viii. immunodeficiency diseases
　ix. autoimmunity
　x. connective tissue (collagen) diseases
　xi. amyloidosis
　review test
6. neoplasia
　i. general considerations
　ii. classification and nomenclature of tumors
　iii. properties of neoplasms
　iv. carcinogenesis and etiology
　v. other neoplastic disorders with known dna defects
　vi. grading and staging
　review test
7. environmental pathology
　i. physical injury
　ii. chemical abuse
　iii. environmental chemical injuries
　iv. adverse effects of therapeutic drugs
　review test
8. nutritional disorders
　i. malnutrition
　ii. vitamins
　iii. obesity
　review test
9. vascular system
　i. arterial disorders
　ii. venous disorders
　iii. tumors of blood vessels
　iv. vasculitis syndromes (vasculitides)
　v. functionalvasculardisorders
　vi. hypertension
　review test
10. the heart
　i. lschemic heart disease (ihd)
　ii. rheumatic fever
　iii. other forms of endocarditis
　iv. valvular heart disease
　v. congenital heart disease
　vi. diseases of the myocardium
　vii. diseases of the pericardium
　viii. tumors of the heart
　ix. congestive heart failure
　x. hypertrophy of the heart
　review test
11. anemia
　i. generalconcepts
　ii. acute posthemorrhagic anemia
　iii. iron deficiency anemia
　iv. megaloblastic anemias
　v. anemia of chronic disease
　vi. aplastic anemia
　vii. myelophthisic anemia
　viii. hemolytic anemias
　review test
12. neoplastic and proliferative disorders
　　of the hematopoietic and lymphoid systems
　i. leukemia
　ii. myeloproliferative diseases
　iii. non-neoplastic lymphoid proliferations
　iv. plasma cell disorders
　v. lymphoid neoplasms
　review test
13. hemorrhagic disorders
　i. disorders of primary hemostasis
　ii. disorders of secondary hemostasis
　iii. combined primary and secondary hemostatic defects
　review test
14. respiratory system
　i. disorders of the upper respiratory tract
　ii. tumors of the upper respiratory tract
　iii. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd)
　iv. restrictive pulmonary disease
　v. pulmonaryvascular disease
　vi. pulmonary infection
　vii. miscellaneous disorders of the lungs
　viii. cancers of the lung
　review test
15. gastrointestinal tract
　i. diseases of the mouth and jaw
　ii. diseases of the salivary glands
　iii. diseases of the esophagus
　iv. diseases of the stomach
　v. diseases of the small intestine
　vi. diseases of the colon
　vii. diseases of the appendix
　review test
16. liver, gallbladder, and exocrine pancreas
　i. diseases of the liver
　ii. diseases of the gallbladder
　iii. diseases of the exocrine pancreas
　review test
17. kidney and urinary tract
　i. congenital anomalies of the urinary tract
　ii. glomerular diseases
　iii. urinary tract obstruction
　iv. infection of the urinary tract and kidney
　v. tubular and interstitial disorders of the kidney
　vi. diffuse cortical necrosis
　vii. nephrocalcinosis
　viii. urolithiasis
　ix. cystic diseases of the kidney
　x. renal failure
　xi. nonrenal causes of azotemia
　xii. tumors of the kidney, urinary tract, and bladder
　review test
18. male reproductive system
　i. diseases of the penis
　ii. diseases of the testes
　iii. diseases of the prostate
　review test
19. female reproductive system and breast
　i. vulva and vagina
　ii. uterine cervix
　iii. uterine corpus
　iv. fallopian tubes
　v. ovaries
　vi. disorders of pregnancy
　vii. breast
　review test
20. endocrine system
　i. pituitary
　ii. thyroid gland
　iii. parathyroid glands
　iv. adrenal glands
　v. endocrine pancreas
　vi. multiple endocrine neoplasia (men) syndromes
　review test
21. skin
　i. terminology relating to skin diseases
　ii. inflammatory and vesicular lesions
　iii. disorders of pigmentation
　iv. disorders of viral origin
　v. miscellaneous skin disorders
　vi. skin malignancies
　review test
22. musculoskeletal system
　i. diseases of skeletal muscle
　ii. diseases of bone
　iii. diseases of joints
　iv. soft tissue tumors
　review test
23. nervous system
　i. congenitaldisorders
　ii. cerebrovascular disease
　iii. head injuries
　iv. infections
　v. demyelinating diseases
　vi. degenerative diseases
　vii. tumors
　viii. ocular disorders
　review test
24. interpretation of diagnostic tests: laboratory statistics
　i. general considerations
　ii. sensitivity and specificity
　iii. positive and negative predictive values
　iv. variation
　review test
comprehensive examination
index